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GA-40 T plus BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATING RESULTS
49
6.5.2 Mass concentrations relative to the concentration of oxygen in combustion
gases
As well as absolute mass concentration, the mass concentration relative to oxygen concentration in the
combustion gases is calculated. The concentration of a given component in relation to oxygen concentration is
expressed by the following formula (as an example for CO value):
‘ CO
rel
20.95% - O
2ref
20.95% - O
2meas
CO
mg
m
mg
m
3 3
= ⋅
where:
CO
rel
- CO concentration in relation to oxygen expressed in [mg/m
3
]
O
2ref
- reference oxygen, conventional parameter (chosen by selecting fuel or entered
independently from keyboard) expressed in [% vol]
O
2meas
- the measured concentration of O
2
in combustion gases expressed in [% vol]
20.95% - oxygen concentration in pure air
CO - the measured concentration of CO in combustion gases expressed in [mg/m
3
]
(absolute mass concentration)
Using similar formulae, the concentrations in relation to oxygen concentration of sulphur dioxide SO
2
,
nitrogen oxides NO
x
and other gases are calculated. The concentration related to oxygen concentration was
introduced to make the evaluated concentration independent of the way the combustion process is carried out.
The absolute value (expressed in [ppm]) can be lowered artificially in the combustion process with an increase
in excess air (large amount of O
2
in combustion gases). It does not have to be a decrease of the total emission.
The formula which calculates concentration related to oxygen takes into account the oxygen concentration of
the combustion gases, making the results independent of the excess air factor.
The parameter O
2ref
- reference oxygen is a standard value. Standards recommend different values of this
parameter for various types of fuel. In the system GA-40 T plusplus the value of reference oxygen can be accepted
automatically in the process of fuel selection (the so-called automatic reference oxygen choice) or
entered by the operator from the keyboard (the so-called manual selection of reference oxygen). Relative
mass concentration calculated from two different measurements are comparable only if the same
reference oxygen and the same standard conditions have been used.
Note: If O
2meas
< O
2ref
then relative concentration CO
rel
calculated from formula
‘‘
is
less than absolute concentration. In such a case, the analyser
replaces the value of relative concentration with the
value of absolute mass concentration.
6.6 Calculating combustion parameters
Beside calculating gas component concentrations the analyser calculates some parameters describing the
combustion process. The formulas for calculating combustion parameters are empirical formulas. The
GA-40 T plusplus analyser calculates the parameters of the combustion process according to the principles laid
out in DIN standards.
The most important parameter is the amount of heat convected by combustion gases to the environment - the
so-called chimney loss (stack loss) S
L
. Chimney loss in calculated on the basis of the empirical formula known
as Siegert's formula:
’ S
L
T
gas
T
amb
A1
CO
2
+ B= −
•
where:
- FLUE GAS ANALYSER 1
- GA-40T plus 1
- GA-40 T plus 5
- 1 INTRODUCTION 7
- 2 MAINTENANCE 8
- 3 GENERAL INFORMATION 10
- 4 CONSTRUCTION 11
- 4.2.6 Analogue inputs 12
- 4.2.7 Analogue outputs 14
- 4.3.1 Keyboard 14
- 4.3.4 Printer 15
- 4.3.5 Interface RS 232C 15
- 4.3.2 Warning lights 15
- 4.3.3 Display 15
- 4.4 Power supply 16
- 5 OPERATION 17
- 5.1.3 Entering Numbers 18
- 5.1.4 Editing Text 18
- 5.2.2 Switching on 19
- 5.2.4 Initial Calibration 20
- 5.2.5 Measurement Parameters 20
- Á - choose SELECT FUEL 21
- À - back to option FUEL 22
-  and à - select min or sec 23
- Á - call the next screen 24
- 5.3.2 Averaged Values 25
- 5.3.3 The Averaging Process 26
- 27
- 5.6 Graphic 28
- 0 m/s 30
- Á - select option 31
- Á - select the option 33
- Á - select the gas 34
- 5.9.3.5 Language/Country 37
- 5.9.3.6 Acoustic Warning 37
- 5.10 Storing of Results 38
- Á -select option REPORTS 39
- 5.10.1.4 Erasing Reports 42
- (5.2.5.2) 43
- 5.11 Data-Logger 44
- 5.12 Printer 45
- m a d u r GA-40 T plus 46
- 19.12.93 13:23.41 46
- 6.7 Fuel parameters 51
- 7 BLOCK DIAGRAM 53
- 8 FRONT VIEW WITH KEYBOARD 54
- 9 MENU STRUCTURE 55
- [.] [.] [.] 56
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